16 Common Diseases of Penaeus Vannamei
Penaeus vannamei is native to the coastal waters of the South
Pacific and is a tropical economic shrimp. After continuous exploration,
research and experiments by researchers, the shrimp fry of Penaeus vannamei can
be cultured in fresh water after gradually desalinating. However, due to the
water pollution and the abuse of antibiotics in recent years, there are many
kinds of diseases in the breeding process of Penaeus vannamei, which bring huge
economic losses to farmers.
I. Virus disease
1. White spot virus disease:
Shrimp stop eating, stomach is
empty, white spots appear on the inner surface of the carapace, the abdomen
turns white in the later stage, and some body color is reddish, and the
carapace is easy to peel off. Below 180C is a latent infection, and the water
temperature is 20-260C for an acute outbreak, which is prevalent in coastal my
country and Southeast Asian countries.
2. Hepatopancreatic parvovirus disease
There are a lot of black spots on the surface of the carapace, some carapaces become soft, and the abdominal muscles become white. In severe cases, the hepatopancreas becomes white, atrophied, and necrotic.
It mainly harms Chinese prawns (infection rate of 70-80%), prawns mergui, prawns monodon, prawns vannamei, etc.
It occurs in
my country, Southeast Asia, the Gulf of Mexico, and Australia, with no obvious
seasonality.
II. Bacterial shrimp disease
3. Red leg disease (red limbs, septicemia)
Vibrio infection.
The appendages turn red, especially the swimming feet, and the gill areas of
the carapace are mostly yellow. The disease usually occurs between July and
October.
4. Juvenile bacteremia
Juvenile bacteremia infection with Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas. Body color opaque, poor phototaxis.
Acutely infected groups sink to the bottom in still water and die quickly; for groups with a slow course of disease, many unicellular algae, sessile ciliates or organic debris can adhere to the body surface and appendages.
5. Rotten eye disease
The pathogen is non-group 01 Vibrio
cholerae. The eyeball is swollen, gradually turning from black to brown, and
then festering. In severe cases, the entire eyeball is rotten, leaving only the
stalk. After the bacteria invade the lymph, they die from bacteremia.
The disease is more common in low-salt areas of estuaries or
shrimp ponds that have not been dredged and disinfected. Penaeus chinensis and
Penaeus longhair are susceptible to infection. The disease occurs from July to
October, with the most in August.
6. Crustacea (brown spot)
Infections with Vibrio,
Pseudomonas, and Flavobacterium. The carapace is ulcerated, forming a brown
depression that is shallow around the depression and darker in the middle.
In addition to the brown spots on the body surface of the
overwintering broodstock, the appendages and forehead swords are also rotten,
and the cross-section is also brown.
The foci of fusarium disease are mainly in the gill area of
the carapace, and mycelium and conidia can be seen under the microscope.
The location of the disease is scattered. The mid-to-late
wintering period of Chinese prawns is the most popular, and the harm is
greater.
7. Black gill and gill rot disease
Infection with Vibrio and
Pseudomonas. The gill area of the carapace is black, and when the carapace is
uncovered, the gill filaments are gray or black, brittle, swollen, necrotic
from the tip to the base, and some shrink and fall off.
The disease frequently occurs during the high temperature
period from July to September.
III. Fungal venereal disease
8. Filamentous bacterial diseases
The pathogens are Mucor
radiculobacterium, Thiorrhea, and Flexibacterium (bacteria). In severely
infested shrimp, the gills of the carapace turn dark brown, and the hyphae can
be seen under the microscope.
9. Fusarium disease
Fusarium parasites in the gill area of
the carapace, appendages, body wall and eyeball. After the carapace gill area
of the overwintering broodstock of Penaeus chinensis was infected with
bacteria, the carapace was necrotic, blackened, fragmented and fell off. Hyphae
and conidia can be seen under the microscope, which are distinguished from
brown spot and black gill disease caused by bacteria.
10. Larval fungal disease
The pathogens are Streptomyces and
Lithochytrium, and the hyphae are slender, curved, branched, and not separated
under the microscope. Parasitic on shrimp eggs and larvae, causing a large
number of deaths, the dead shrimp eggs and larvae soon covered with mycelium.
IV. Parasitic disease
11. Microsporidia
Different species of pathogenic infection with varying symptoms. The microsporidia parasitic on the muscles of Penaeus merguis and Penaeus chinensis make the muscles white, turbid, opaque, and lose their elasticity, which is called "milky white shrimp" or "cotton shrimp"
After the ovary of Penaeus merguis is infected, the carapace is
orange-red.
Spores or sporoblasts can be seen under high magnification,
distinguishable from the blanching of muscles caused by viruses, Vibrio, and
muscle necrosis.
In Guangdong and Guangxi, it is a common and more harmful
shrimp disease. Although it is a chronic disease, the infection rate of the
whole breeding cycle is 90%, and the cumulative mortality rate is more than
50%.
12. Pseudomonas encephalomysis
The diseased shrimp has no
special symptoms, and only has different degrees of trauma on the frontal
sword, the second antennae and the front edge of the scales, the rear edge of
the tail fan and other appendages, and some have brown spots. In the advanced
stage, the haemolymph is full of a large number of parasites, which are white
and cloudy, and the gills and other tissues can be seriously damaged.
Under the microscope, it can be seen that the worm body is
sunflower seed-shaped, with a slightly pointed front end and a blunt rear end.
Incidence and mortality peak in January, and the disease can
occur from December to March before spawning of broodstock.
V. Wedge-shaped algae disease
A kind of epiphytic diatom -
wedge-shaped algae attached to the body surface of shrimp eggs and larvae, the
naked eye can see the golden villi, lose transparency.
VI. Abiotic disease
13. Malformation disease of larvae (acanthus atrophy)
During the hatching process of shrimp eggs, the water temperature is too high or too low, or the water temperature changes more than 50C in a short period of time, or due to heavy metal poisoning and insufficient dissolved oxygen, the larvae become deformed. The larvae swim abnormally or inactively from the nursery tank with a beaker, or sink to the bottom.
The appendages are deformed, the bristles
and tail spines are bent, and some are atrophied or incomplete.
14. White spot disease
A white patch appears symmetrically
on the lateral leaves of the carapace on both sides of each segment of the
abdomen of the prawn.
The patch is nearly oval, but irregular. White spots will
also appear on both sides of the shrimp head breastplate, the scales of the
second antennae, the forehead, and the tail fan.
The disease may be a physiological response of the shrimp
itself caused by the environment or feed. It mainly harms Chinese prawns,
longhaired prawns, and monodon, and Japanese prawns have also been infected.
15. Muscle necrosis
The 4-6th muscle of the abdomen of the
shrimp becomes cloudy and opaque, and in severe cases, the necrotic area
expands to the entire abdomen.
The cause may be environmental abnormalities such as water temperature and salinity, insufficient dissolved oxygen for a long time, or water pollution.
Microsporidia and Vibrio can also cause blanching and opacity
of muscles, which should be distinguished.
16. Spasticity
Muscle spasm begins and bends to the abdomen. In severe cases, the tail is close to the ventral surface of the head and chest.
The body is stiff and loses swimming ability. Death, the light can be cured.
The disease occurs from July to September, which may be due to abnormal
environment or feeding spoiled food in high temperature season.
Education: MBBS, MD
Occupation: Medical Doctor
Specialization: Community Medicine, General Surgery, Natural Treatment
Experience: 18 Years as a Medical Practitioner
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